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In-plane switching is an LCD technology which aligns the liquid crystal cells in a horizontal direction. In this method, the electrical field is applied through each end of the crystal, but this requires the need for two transistors for each pixel instead of the one needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT) display. This results in blocking more transmission area requiring brighter backlights, which consume more power making this type of display undesirable for notebook computers. A plasma display is an emissive flat panel display where light is created by phosphors excited by a plasma discharge between two flat panels of glass. The gas discharge contains no mercury (contrary to the backlights of an AMLCD); a mixture of noble gases (neon and xenon) is used instead. This gas mixture is inert and entirely harmless. In 1969, the twisted nematic field effect in liquid crystals was discovered by James Fergason at Kent State University in the USA, and in 1971 his company ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated) produced the first LCDs based on it, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types. Important factors to consider when evaluating an LCD monitor include resolution, viewable size, response time (sync rate), matrix type (passive or active), viewing angle, color support, brightness and contrast ratio, aspect ratio, and input ports (e.g. DVI or VGA). * LCDs have longer response time than their plasma and CRT counterparts, creating ghosting and mixing when images rapidly change; this caveat however is continually improving as the technology progresses. Reflective LCDs, often found in digital watches and calculators, are illuminated by external light reflected by a (sometimes) diffusing reflector behind the display. This type of LCD can produce darker 'blacks' than the transmissive type since light must pass through the liquid crystal layer twice and thus is attenuated twice, however because the reflected light is also attenuated twice in the translucent parts of the display image contrast is usually poorer than a transmissive display. The absence of a lamp significantly reduces power consumption, allowing for longer battery life in battery-powered devices; small reflective LCDs consume so little power that they can rely on a photovoltaic cell, as often found in pocket calculators. A general purpose alphanumeric LCD, with two lines of 16 characters.
Reflective LCDs, often found in digital watches and calculators, are illuminated by external light reflected by a (sometimes) diffusing reflector behind the display. This type of LCD can produce darker 'blacks' than the transmissive type since light must pass through the liquid crystal layer twice and thus is attenuated twice, however because the reflected light is also attenuated twice in the translucent parts of the display image contrast is usually poorer than a transmissive display. The absence of a lamp significantly reduces power consumption, allowing for longer battery life in battery-powered devices; small reflective LCDs consume so little power that they can rely on a photovoltaic cell, as often found in pocket calculators. TFT LCDs are a variant of liquid crystal display which use thin-film transistor technology to improve their image quality. TFT LCDs are one type of active matrix LCD, though this is usually synonymous with them. They are used in both flat panel displays and projectors. In computing, TFT monitors are rapidly displacing competing CRT technology, and are commonly available in sizes from 30 to 77 cm (~12 to 30 inches). As of 2005, they have also made inroads on the television market. LCDs with a small number of segments, such as those used in digital watches and pocket calculators, have a single electrical contact for each segment. An external dedicated circuit supplies an electric charge to control each segment. This display structure is unwieldy for more than a few display elements. Raw LCD TFT panels are usually factory-sorted into three categories, with regard to the number of dead pixels, backlight evenness and general product quality. Additionally, there may be up to +/- 2ms maximum response time differences between individual panels that came off the same assembly line on the same day. The poorest-performing screens are then sold to no-name vendors or used in "value" TFT monitors (often marked with letter V behind the type number), the medium performers are incorporated in gamer-oriented or home office bound TFT displays (sometimes marked with the capital letter S), and the best screens are usually reserved for use in "professional" grade TFT monitors (usually marked with letter P or S after their type number). Transmissive and reflective displays Screen sizes have increased since the 21 inch display in 1992. The largest Plasma display in the world was shown at the CES (Consumer Electronics Show) in Las Vegas in 2006. It measured 103" and was made by Matsushita Electrical Industries (Panasonic).
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In 1969, the twisted nematic field effect in liquid crystals was discovered by James Fergason at Kent State University in the USA, and in 1971 his company ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated) produced the first LCDs based on it, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types. Each pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the other. Enlarge LCD technology still has a few drawbacks in comparison to some other display technologies:
Enlarge General characteristics Some LCD panels have defective transistors, causing permanently lit or unlit pixels. Unlike integrated circuits, LCD panels with a few defective pixels are usually still usable. It is also economically prohibitive to discard a panel with just a few bad pixels because LCD panels are much larger than ICs. Manufacturers have different standards for determining a maximum acceptable number of defective pixels. The following table presents the maximum acceptable number of defective pixels for IBM's ThinkPad laptop line. In-plane switching is an LCD technology which aligns the liquid crystal cells in a horizontal direction. In this method, the electrical field is applied through each end of the crystal, but this requires the need for two transistors for each pixel instead of the one needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT) display. This results in blocking more transmission area requiring brighter backlights, which consume more power making this type of display undesirable for notebook computers. Some LCD panels have defective transistors, causing permanently lit or unlit pixels. Unlike integrated circuits, LCD panels with a few defective pixels are usually still usable. It is also economically prohibitive to discard a panel with just a few bad pixels because LCD panels are much larger than ICs. Manufacturers have different standards for determining a maximum acceptable number of defective pixels. The following table presents the maximum acceptable number of defective pixels for IBM's ThinkPad laptop line.