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TN+Film Passive-matrix and active-matrix Screen sizes have increased since the 21 inch display in 1992. The largest Plasma display in the world was shown at the CES (Consumer Electronics Show) in Las Vegas in 2006. It measured 103" and was made by Matsushita Electrical Industries (Panasonic). A computer display, monitor or screen is a computer peripheral device capable of showing characters and/or still or moving images generated by a computer and processed by a graphics card. Monitors generally conform to one or more display standards. Sometimes the name "display" suits better than the word "monitor", as the latter term can also ambiguously refer to a "machine-level debugger" or to a "thread synchronization mechanism". Some people also refer to computer displays as "heads", especially when talking about multiple displays connected to a single physical computer. Once an essential component of a computer terminal, computer displays have long since become standardized peripherals in their own right.
Main article: Color LCD PVA Brief history Raw LCD TFT panels are usually factory-sorted into three categories, with regard to the number of dead pixels, backlight evenness and general product quality. Additionally, there may be up to +/- 2ms maximum response time differences between individual panels that came off the same assembly line on the same day. The poorest-performing screens are then sold to no-name vendors or used in "value" TFT monitors (often marked with letter V behind the type number), the medium performers are incorporated in gamer-oriented or home office bound TFT displays (sometimes marked with the capital letter S), and the best screens are usually reserved for use in "professional" grade TFT monitors (usually marked with letter P or S after their type number).
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In color LCDs each individual pixel is divided into three cells, or subpixels, which are colored red, green, and blue, respectively, by additional filters. Each subpixel can be controlled independently to yield thousands or millions of possible colors for each pixel. Older CRT monitors employ a similar method for displaying color. Color components may be arrayed in various pixel geometries, depending on the monitor's usage. Contrast ratio claims A Color LCD is a descendant of the primative monochrome LCD. This kind of LCD can emulate almost any real-life image compared to a monochrome LCD. Techniques for color graphics Active matrix technologies Normal Liquid Crystal Displays like those found in calculators have direct driven image elements – a voltage can be applied across one segment without interfering with other segments of the display. This is impractical for a large display with a large number of pixels since it would require millions of connections - top and bottom connections for each of red, green and blue of every pixel. To avoid this issue, the pixels are addressed in rows and columns which reduce the connection count from millions to thousands. If all the pixels in one row are driven with a positive voltage and all the pixels in one column are driven with a negative voltage, then the pixel at the intersection has the largest applied voltage and is switched. The problem with this solution is that all the pixels in the same column see a fraction of the applied voltage as do all the pixels in the same row, so although they are not switched completely, they do tend to darken. The solution to the problem is to supply each pixel with its own transistor switch which allows each pixel to be individually controlled. The low leakage current of the transistor also means that the voltage applied to the pixel does not leak away between refreshes to the display image. Each pixel is a small capacitor with a transparent ITO layer at the front, a transparent layer at the back and a layer of insulating liquid crystal between.
1936: The Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patents the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light valve". Transflective LCDs work as either transmissive or reflective LCDs, depending on the ambient light. They work reflectively when external light levels are high, and transmissively in darker environments via a low-power backlight. Enlarge Each pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the other. Enlarge