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Screen sizes have increased since the 21 inch display in 1992. The largest Plasma display in the world was shown at the CES (Consumer Electronics Show) in Las Vegas in 2006. It measured 103" and was made by Matsushita Electrical Industries (Panasonic). Construction TFT LCDs are a variant of liquid crystal display which use thin-film transistor technology to improve their image quality. TFT LCDs are one type of active matrix LCD, though this is usually synonymous with them. They are used in both flat panel displays and projectors. In computing, TFT monitors are rapidly displacing competing CRT technology, and are commonly available in sizes from 30 to 77 cm (~12 to 30 inches). As of 2005, they have also made inroads on the television market. A Color LCD is a descendant of the primative monochrome LCD. This kind of LCD can emulate almost any real-life image compared to a monochrome LCD. IPS
Reflective LCDs, often found in digital watches and calculators, are illuminated by external light reflected by a (sometimes) diffusing reflector behind the display. This type of LCD can produce darker 'blacks' than the transmissive type since light must pass through the liquid crystal layer twice and thus is attenuated twice, however because the reflected light is also attenuated twice in the translucent parts of the display image contrast is usually poorer than a transmissive display. The absence of a lamp significantly reduces power consumption, allowing for longer battery life in battery-powered devices; small reflective LCDs consume so little power that they can rely on a photovoltaic cell, as often found in pocket calculators. Due to the immense cost of building TFT factories, the number of major OEM panel vendors probably does not exceed four or five. Several of the most well-known are Samsung, LG.Philips LCD and AU Optronics. In a monochrome plasma panel, control circuitry charges the electrodes that cross paths at a cell, causing the plasma to ionize and emit photons between the electrodes. The ionizing state can be maintained by applying a low-level voltage between all the horizontal and vertical electrodes - even after the ionizing voltage is removed. To erase a cell all voltage is removed from a pair of electrodes. This type of panel has inherent memory and does not use phosphors. A small amount of nitrogen is added to the neon to increase hysteresis. In color LCDs each individual pixel is divided into three cells, or subpixels, which are colored red, green, and blue, respectively, by additional filters. Each subpixel can be controlled independently to yield thousands or millions of possible colors for each pixel. Older CRT monitors employ a similar method for displaying color. Color components may be arrayed in various pixel geometries, depending on the monitor's usage. The phosphors in a plasma display give off colored light when they are excited. Every pixel is made up of three separate subpixel cells, each with different colored phosphors. One subpixel has a red light phosphor, one subpixel has a green light phosphor and one subpixel has a blue light phosphor. These colors blend together to create the overall color of the pixel. By varying the pulses of current flowing through the different cells, the control system can increase or decrease the intensity of each subpixel color to create hundreds of different combinations of red, green and blue. In this way, the control system can produce colors across the entire visible spectrum. Plasma displays use the same phosphors as CRTs, accounting for the extremely accurate color reproduction.
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* Thin-film transistors and color filters Important factors to consider when evaluating an LCD monitor include resolution, viewable size, response time (sync rate), matrix type (passive or active), viewing angle, color support, brightness and contrast ratio, aspect ratio, and input ports (e.g. DVI or VGA).
Value TFT screens and most 38 cm (~15 in.) sized LCDs usually fail to include a digital signal compatible DVI interface, thus their future proofing may be limited. The upper end of 43 cm (~17 in.) or 48 cm (~19 in.) gamer and office TFT screens may have dual analog-VGA and DVI sockets; almost all professional screens have DVI and pivot mode for letter-mode display. However, the use of a DVI video signal does not automatically guarantee better image quality: a good video card RAMDAC and properly shielded analogue VGA cable may produce a better display than a bad video card and DVI. PVA Contrast ratio claims Pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken in the late 1960s by the UK's Radar Research Establishment at Malvern. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals (which had all of the correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs).