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* LCD screens occasionally suffer from image persistence, which is similar to screen burn on CRT displays. Vertical Alignment (VA) In 1969, the twisted nematic field effect in liquid crystals was discovered by James Fergason at Kent State University in the USA, and in 1971 his company ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated) produced the first LCDs based on it, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types. * Thin-film transistors and color filters
A French company, Nemoptic, has developed another zero-power, paper-like LCD technology which has been mass-produced in Taiwan since July 2003. This technology is intended for use in low-power mobile applications such as e-books and wearable computers. Zero-power LCDs are in competition with electronic paper. Kent Displays, [1], has also developed a "no power" display that uses Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals(ChLCD). The major drawback to the ChLCD display is slow refresh rate, especially with low temperatures. Normal Liquid Crystal Displays like those found in calculators have direct driven image elements – a voltage can be applied across one segment without interfering with other segments of the display. This is impractical for a large display with a large number of pixels since it would require millions of connections - top and bottom connections for each of red, green and blue of every pixel. To avoid this issue, the pixels are addressed in rows and columns which reduce the connection count from millions to thousands. If all the pixels in one row are driven with a positive voltage and all the pixels in one column are driven with a negative voltage, then the pixel at the intersection has the largest applied voltage and is switched. The problem with this solution is that all the pixels in the same column see a fraction of the applied voltage as do all the pixels in the same row, so although they are not switched completely, they do tend to darken. The solution to the problem is to supply each pixel with its own transistor switch which allows each pixel to be individually controlled. The low leakage current of the transistor also means that the voltage applied to the pixel does not leak away between refreshes to the display image. Each pixel is a small capacitor with a transparent ITO layer at the front, a transparent layer at the back and a layer of insulating liquid crystal between. Contrast ratio indicates the difference between the brightest part of a picture and the darkest part of a picture, measured in discrete steps, at any given moment. The implication is that a higher contrast ratio means more picture detail. Contrast ratios for plasma displays are often advertised as high as 5000:1. On the surface, this is a great thing. In reality, there are no standardized tests for contrast ratio, meaning each manufacturer can publish virtually any number that they like. To illustrate, some manufacturers will measure contrast with the front glass removed, which accounts for some of the wild claims regarding their advertised ratios. For reference, the page you're reading now (on a computer monitor) is actually about 50:1. A printed page is about 80:1. A really good print at a movie theater will be about 500:1 Months after the release of the Nintendo Game Boy which had crude monochrome graphics on an LCD without backlight, Atari and Epyx released the Atari Lynx, which was the first handheld game console with interchangeable cartridges to have a backlit color LCD. Subsequent to the Lynx's release, the Sega Game Gear which also had a backlit color LCD was released. However, the Atari Lynx didn't have familiar titles like the Game Gear, and advertisements for the Game Gear claimed "Nintendo dosen't do what Sega does" hence the color graphics on the Game Gear. People however thought that those ads were offensive even though the Game Boy had crude monochrome graphics. Game consoles with color LCDs would not have critical success until the rise of the Gameboy Color.
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A diagram of the Pixel layout
Construction Screen sizes have increased since the 21 inch display in 1992. The largest Plasma display in the world was shown at the CES (Consumer Electronics Show) in Las Vegas in 2006. It measured 103" and was made by Matsushita Electrical Industries (Panasonic). In 1997 Pioneer started selling the first Plasma TV to the public For high-resolution color displays such as modern LCD computer monitors and televisions, an active matrix structure is used. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the polarizing and color filters. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, which allows each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is activated, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and the correct voltage is driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is activated. All of the row lines are activated in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix displays are much brighter and sharper than passive-matrix displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times.