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Due to the immense cost of building TFT factories, the number of major OEM panel vendors probably does not exceed four or five. Several of the most well-known are Samsung, LG.Philips LCD and AU Optronics. In-Plane Switching (IPS) Contrast ratio claims A computer display, monitor or screen is a computer peripheral device capable of showing characters and/or still or moving images generated by a computer and processed by a graphics card. Monitors generally conform to one or more display standards. Sometimes the name "display" suits better than the word "monitor", as the latter term can also ambiguously refer to a "machine-level debugger" or to a "thread synchronization mechanism". Some people also refer to computer displays as "heads", especially when talking about multiple displays connected to a single physical computer. Once an essential component of a computer terminal, computer displays have long since become standardized peripherals in their own right.
Before applying an electrical charge, the liquid crystal molecules are in a relaxed state. Charges on the molecules cause these molecules to align themselves in a helical structure, or twist (the "crystal"). In some LCDs, the electrode may have a chemical surface that seeds the crystal, so it crystallizes at the needed angle. Light passing through one filter is rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal, allowing it to pass through the second polarized filter. A small amount of light is absorbed by the polarizing filters, but otherwise the entire assembly is transparent. Types * Many users of older (around pre-2000) LCD monitors get migraines and other severe eyestrain problems from the flicker nature of the fluorescent backlights. If you experience eyestrain issues with LCDs, consider these possibilities: using a small resolution for reading text, on a >=15 inch LCD, glare from another light, brightness is set too low or high, defective backlight, LCD monitor is too close, or too far away, Not using WindowsXP Cleartype (generally helps improve font visibility, but can cause some problems in some cases). Techniques for color graphics In a monochrome plasma panel, control circuitry charges the electrodes that cross paths at a cell, causing the plasma to ionize and emit photons between the electrodes. The ionizing state can be maintained by applying a low-level voltage between all the horizontal and vertical electrodes - even after the ionizing voltage is removed. To erase a cell all voltage is removed from a pair of electrodes. This type of panel has inherent memory and does not use phosphors. A small amount of nitrogen is added to the neon to increase hysteresis. Reflective LCDs, often found in digital watches and calculators, are illuminated by external light reflected by a (sometimes) diffusing reflector behind the display. This type of LCD can produce darker 'blacks' than the transmissive type since light must pass through the liquid crystal layer twice and thus is attenuated twice, however because the reflected light is also attenuated twice in the translucent parts of the display image contrast is usually poorer than a transmissive display. The absence of a lamp significantly reduces power consumption, allowing for longer battery life in battery-powered devices; small reflective LCDs consume so little power that they can rely on a photovoltaic cell, as often found in pocket calculators.
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LCD panels are more likely to have defects than most ICs due to their larger size. In this example, a 12" SVGA LCD has 8 defects and a 6" wafer has only 3 defects. However, 134 of the 137 dies on the wafer will be acceptable, whereas rejection of the LCD panel would be a 0% yield. The standard is much higher now due to fierce competition between manufacturers and improved quality control. An SVGA LCD panel with 4 defective pixels is usually considered defective and customers can request an exchange for a new one. The location of defective pixels is also important. A display with only a few defective pixels may be unacceptable if the defective pixels are near each other. Manufacturers may also relax their replacement criteria when defective pixels are in the center of the viewing area. Drawbacks Each pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the other. Techniques for color graphics Due to the immense cost of building TFT factories, the number of major OEM panel vendors probably does not exceed four or five. Several of the most well-known are Samsung, LG.Philips LCD and AU Optronics.
* LCD displays generally have a lower contrast ratio than that on a plasma display or CRT. This is due to their "light valve" nature: some light always leaks out making black grey. A plasma display is an emissive flat panel display where light is created by phosphors excited by a plasma discharge between two flat panels of glass. The gas discharge contains no mercury (contrary to the backlights of an AMLCD); a mixture of noble gases (neon and xenon) is used instead. This gas mixture is inert and entirely harmless. * LCD screens occasionally suffer from image persistence, which is similar to screen burn on CRT displays. The zenithal bistable device (ZBD), developed by QinetiQ (formerly DERA), can retain an image without power. The crystals may exist in one of two stable orientations (Black and "White") and power is only required to change the image. ZBD Displays is a spin-off company from QinetiQ who manufacture both grayscale and colour ZBD devices. * Thin-film transistors and color filters