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Quality control Until quite recently (c. 2004) the superior brightness and viewing angle of color plasma panels, when compared to LCD, made them one of the most popular forms of display for HDTV. However since that time improvements in LCD technology have closed the gap dramatically. The much lower weight, price and power consumption of LCDs have seen them make large inroads into the former plasma market. Sony now only sell a very limited range of Plasma screens and appear set to quit this market altogether. * LCDs have longer response time than their plasma and CRT counterparts, creating ghosting and mixing when images rapidly change; this caveat however is continually improving as the technology progresses. Pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken in the late 1960s by the UK's Radar Research Establishment at Malvern. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals (which had all of the correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs). Transmissive and reflective displays
A plasma display is an emissive flat panel display where light is created by phosphors excited by a plasma discharge between two flat panels of glass. The gas discharge contains no mercury (contrary to the backlights of an AMLCD); a mixture of noble gases (neon and xenon) is used instead. This gas mixture is inert and entirely harmless. A Color LCD is a descendant of the primative monochrome LCD. This kind of LCD can emulate almost any real-life image compared to a monochrome LCD. * Thin-film transistors and color filters Before applying an electrical charge, the liquid crystal molecules are in a relaxed state. Charges on the molecules cause these molecules to align themselves in a helical structure, or twist (the "crystal"). In some LCDs, the electrode may have a chemical surface that seeds the crystal, so it crystallizes at the needed angle. Light passing through one filter is rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal, allowing it to pass through the second polarized filter. A small amount of light is absorbed by the polarizing filters, but otherwise the entire assembly is transparent. Many LCDs are driven to darkness by an alternating current, which disrupts the twisting effect, and become faint or transparent when no current is applied.
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IPS (In-Plane Switching) was developed by Hitachi in 1996 to improve on the poor viewing angles and color reproduction of TN panels. These improvements came at a loss of response time, which was initially on the order of 50ms. IPS panels were also extremely expensive. To ionize the gas in a color panel, the plasma display's computer charges the electrodes that intersect at that cell thousands of times in a small fraction of a second, charging each cell in turn. When the intersecting electrodes are charged (with a voltage difference between them), an electric current flows through the gas in the cell. The current creates a rapid flow of charged particles, which stimulates the gas atoms to release ultraviolet photons. 1904: Otto Lehmann publishes his major work "Liquid Crystals" Color displays
General characteristics For high-resolution color displays such as modern LCD computer monitors and televisions, an active matrix structure is used. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the polarizing and color filters. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, which allows each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is activated, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and the correct voltage is driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is activated. All of the row lines are activated in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix displays are much brighter and sharper than passive-matrix displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times. A general purpose alphanumeric LCD, with two lines of 16 characters.